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<h1 id="_1">文件存储与共享服务</h1>
<p>@author Loganli</p>
<h2 id="nfs">网络文件系统 (NFS)</h2>
<h3 id="_2">服务端配置</h3>
<h4 id="nfs_1">安装NFS服务器</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统
yum install -y nfs-utils

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
apt-get update
apt-get install -y nfs-kernel-server
</code></pre>
<h4 id="_3">配置共享目录</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 创建共享目录
mkdir -p /data/nfs
chmod 755 /data/nfs

# 创建测试文件
echo &quot;NFS共享测试&quot; &gt; /data/nfs/test.txt
</code></pre>
<p>编辑NFS配置文件 <code>/etc/exports</code>:</p>
<pre><code># 格式：目录 客户端(权限)
/data/nfs 192.168.1.0/24(rw,sync,no_root_squash)

# 多个IP段或IP的配置示例
# /data/nfs 192.168.1.0/24(rw,sync) 10.0.0.0/24(ro,sync)
# /data/nfs 192.168.1.100(rw,sync,no_root_squash)

# 允许所有IP访问(不推荐在生产环境使用)
# /data/nfs *(rw,sync)
</code></pre>
<p>常用权限选项说明:
- <code>rw</code>: 读写权限
- <code>ro</code>: 只读权限
- <code>sync</code>: 同步写入
- <code>async</code>: 异步写入(性能更好，但数据安全性降低)
- <code>no_root_squash</code>: 客户端root用户保持root权限
- <code>root_squash</code>: 将客户端root用户映射为服务器端的nobody用户
- <code>all_squash</code>: 将所有客户端用户映射为nobody用户
- <code>anonuid=1000</code>: 指定匿名用户的UID
- <code>anongid=1000</code>: 指定匿名用户的GID</p>
<h4 id="nfs_2">启动NFS服务</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 应用NFS配置
exportfs -arv

# 启动服务
# CentOS/RHEL系统
systemctl start nfs-server
systemctl enable nfs-server

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
systemctl start nfs-kernel-server
systemctl enable nfs-kernel-server

# 检查NFS共享状态
exportfs -v

# 查看RPC服务状态
rpcinfo -p
</code></pre>
<h4 id="_4">配置防火墙</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统 (firewalld)
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=nfs
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=rpc-bind
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=mountd
firewall-cmd --reload

# iptables
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 2049 -j ACCEPT  # NFS
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 111 -j ACCEPT   # RPC
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 20048 -j ACCEPT # Mountd
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_5">客户端配置</h3>
<h4 id="nfs_3">安装NFS客户端</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统
yum install -y nfs-utils

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
apt-get update
apt-get install -y nfs-common
</code></pre>
<h4 id="nfs_4">挂载NFS共享</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 创建挂载点
mkdir -p /mnt/nfs

# 手动挂载
mount -t nfs nfs_server_ip:/data/nfs /mnt/nfs

# 查看挂载情况
df -h
mount | grep nfs

# 测试访问权限
ls -la /mnt/nfs
cat /mnt/nfs/test.txt
echo &quot;客户端测试写入&quot; &gt; /mnt/nfs/client_test.txt
</code></pre>
<h4 id="_6">配置开机自动挂载</h4>
<p>编辑 <code>/etc/fstab</code>:</p>
<pre><code># NFS自动挂载配置
nfs_server_ip:/data/nfs  /mnt/nfs  nfs  defaults,_netdev,timeo=30  0 0

# 挂载选项说明
# defaults: 使用默认选项
# _netdev: 声明为网络设备，系统会等网络就绪再挂载
# timeo=30: 连接超时时间(秒)
# soft: 软挂载，IO错误时返回错误
# hard: 硬挂载，IO错误时重试直到成功(默认)
# rsize=8192: 读块大小
# wsize=8192: 写块大小
</code></pre>
<p>应用fstab配置:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 测试配置是否有效
mount -a

# 如果修改了已挂载的NFS选项，需要重新挂载
umount /mnt/nfs
mount -a
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_7">故障排查</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 服务端检查
systemctl status nfs-server   # 服务状态
exportfs -v                   # 共享情况
showmount -e localhost        # 显示本机导出列表
rpcinfo -p                    # RPC服务

# 网络连通性测试
ping nfs_server_ip
telnet nfs_server_ip 2049     # 测试NFS端口

# 客户端测试
showmount -e nfs_server_ip    # 查看服务端导出
mount -v nfs_server_ip:/data/nfs /mnt/nfs  # 详细挂载信息

# 检查日志
tail -f /var/log/messages     # CentOS/RHEL
tail -f /var/log/syslog       # Debian/Ubuntu
</code></pre>
<h3 id="nfs_5">NFS性能优化</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 服务端配置优化 (/etc/nfsmount.conf)
[NFSMount_Global_Options]
Defaultvers=4.1         # 使用NFSv4.1
Defaultproto=tcp        # 使用TCP协议

# 挂载选项优化
# 客户端挂载参数
mount -o rw,bg,hard,rsize=1048576,wsize=1048576,timeo=30,noresvport nfs_server_ip:/data/nfs /mnt/nfs

# 在/etc/fstab中的优化配置
nfs_server_ip:/data/nfs /mnt/nfs nfs rw,bg,hard,rsize=1048576,wsize=1048576,timeo=30,noresvport 0 0
</code></pre>
<h2 id="samba-smbcifs">Samba (SMB/CIFS)</h2>
<h3 id="_8">服务端配置</h3>
<h4 id="samba">安装Samba服务器</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统
yum install -y samba samba-client

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
apt-get update
apt-get install -y samba samba-client
</code></pre>
<h4 id="samba_1">配置Samba共享</h4>
<p>创建共享目录:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 创建共享目录
mkdir -p /data/samba/public    # 公共共享
mkdir -p /data/samba/secure    # 安全共享

# 设置权限
chmod 777 /data/samba/public
chmod 770 /data/samba/secure

# 创建Samba用户组
groupadd smbgroup

# 创建Samba用户
useradd -g smbgroup -s /sbin/nologin smbuser
passwd smbuser    # 设置Linux密码

# 添加到Samba用户数据库
smbpasswd -a smbuser    # 设置Samba密码

# 更改目录所有权
chown -R smbuser:smbgroup /data/samba/secure
</code></pre>
<p>编辑Samba配置文件 <code>/etc/samba/smb.conf</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-ini">[global]
    workgroup = WORKGROUP
    server string = Samba Server %v
    netbios name = SAMBASERVER
    security = user
    map to guest = bad user
    dns proxy = no

    # 日志设置
    log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
    max log size = 1000
    logging = file

    # 性能优化
    socket options = TCP_NODELAY IPTOS_LOWDELAY SO_RCVBUF=65536 SO_SNDBUF=65536
    read raw = yes
    write raw = yes
    oplocks = yes
    max xmit = 65536
    dead time = 15
    getwd cache = yes

# 公共共享 - 无需认证
[public]
    path = /data/samba/public
    browsable = yes
    writable = yes
    guest ok = yes
    guest only = yes
    read only = no
    create mode = 0777
    directory mode = 0777

# 安全共享 - 需要认证
[secure]
    path = /data/samba/secure
    browsable = yes
    writable = yes
    guest ok = no
    valid users = @smbgroup smbuser
    write list = @smbgroup smbuser
    read only = no
    create mode = 0770
    directory mode = 0770
</code></pre>
<h4 id="samba_2">启动Samba服务</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 检查配置有效性
testparm

# 启动服务
systemctl start smb
systemctl start nmb
systemctl enable smb
systemctl enable nmb

# 检查服务状态
systemctl status smb
systemctl status nmb
</code></pre>
<h4 id="_9">配置防火墙</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统 (firewalld)
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=samba
firewall-cmd --reload

# iptables
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_10">客户端访问</h3>
<h4 id="linux">Linux客户端</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统
yum install -y samba-client cifs-utils

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
apt-get update
apt-get install -y smbclient cifs-utils

# 列出服务器共享
smbclient -L //samba_server_ip -U smbuser

# 访问共享
smbclient //samba_server_ip/secure -U smbuser

# 挂载共享
mkdir -p /mnt/samba/secure
mount -t cifs //samba_server_ip/secure /mnt/samba/secure -o username=smbuser,password=password

# 挂载公共共享
mkdir -p /mnt/samba/public
mount -t cifs //samba_server_ip/public /mnt/samba/public -o guest
</code></pre>
<h4 id="_11">配置开机自动挂载</h4>
<p>创建凭证文件 <code>/etc/samba-credentials</code> (确保权限安全):</p>
<pre><code>username=smbuser
password=password
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-bash">chmod 600 /etc/samba-credentials
</code></pre>
<p>编辑 <code>/etc/fstab</code>:</p>
<pre><code># Samba安全共享自动挂载
//samba_server_ip/secure /mnt/samba/secure cifs credentials=/etc/samba-credentials,_netdev 0 0

# Samba公共共享自动挂载
//samba_server_ip/public /mnt/samba/public cifs guest,_netdev 0 0
</code></pre>
<p>应用配置:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 测试配置
mount -a
</code></pre>
<h4 id="windows">Windows客户端访问</h4>
<p>在文件资源管理器地址栏输入:
- <code>\\samba_server_ip\public</code> - 公共共享
- <code>\\samba_server_ip\secure</code> - 安全共享(会提示输入用户名密码)</p>
<p>或映射网络驱动器:
1. 右键点击"网络"
2. 选择"映射网络驱动器"
3. 选择驱动器号
4. 输入路径 <code>\\samba_server_ip\secure</code>
5. 勾选"使用不同凭据连接"(如果需要)
6. 点击"完成"并输入凭据</p>
<h3 id="_12">高级配置</h3>
<h4 id="_13">活动目录集成</h4>
<pre><code class="language-ini">[global]
    workgroup = DOMAIN
    security = ads
    realm = DOMAIN.COM
    password server = dc1.domain.com dc2.domain.com
    kerberos method = secrets and keytab
    winbind enum users = yes
    winbind enum groups = yes
    winbind use default domain = yes
    winbind nested groups = yes
    winbind refresh tickets = yes
    idmap config * : backend = tdb
    idmap config * : range = 10000-20000
    idmap config DOMAIN : backend = rid
    idmap config DOMAIN : range = 20001-30000
    template shell = /bin/bash
    template homedir = /home/%U
</code></pre>
<p>加入域:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 安装必要软件
yum install -y krb5-workstation samba-winbind-clients

# 修改krb5.conf
vi /etc/krb5.conf

# 加入域
net ads join -U Administrator
</code></pre>
<h4 id="acl">访问控制列表 (ACL)</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 安装ACL支持
yum install -y acl

# 启用ACL支持
mount -o remount,acl /  # 如果根分区没有启用ACL

# 设置ACL
setfacl -m u:smbuser:rwx /data/samba/protected
setfacl -m g:smbgroup:rwx /data/samba/protected
getfacl /data/samba/protected  # 查看ACL
</code></pre>
<p>在Samba配置中启用ACL:</p>
<pre><code class="language-ini">[protected]
    path = /data/samba/protected
    browsable = yes
    writable = yes
    inherit acls = yes
    acl group control = yes
    map acl inherit = yes
    vfs objects = acl_xattr
</code></pre>
<h2 id="minio">MinIO 对象存储</h2>
<h3 id="_14">安装部署</h3>
<h4 id="_15">单节点安装</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 下载MinIO
wget https://dl.min.io/server/minio/release/linux-amd64/minio
chmod +x minio
mv minio /usr/local/bin/

# 创建数据和配置目录
mkdir -p /data/minio
mkdir -p /etc/minio

# 创建MinIO用户
useradd -r minio -s /sbin/nologin
chown minio:minio /data/minio /etc/minio

# 创建MinIO环境配置
cat &gt; /etc/minio/minio.conf &lt;&lt; EOF
# MinIO配置
MINIO_ROOT_USER=minioadmin
MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD=minioadmin
MINIO_VOLUMES=&quot;/data/minio&quot;
MINIO_OPTS=&quot;--console-address :9001&quot;
EOF

# 创建systemd服务
cat &gt; /etc/systemd/system/minio.service &lt;&lt; EOF
[Unit]
Description=MinIO
Documentation=https://docs.min.io
Wants=network-online.target
After=network-online.target

[Service]
User=minio
Group=minio
EnvironmentFile=/etc/minio/minio.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/minio server \$MINIO_VOLUMES \$MINIO_OPTS
Restart=always
LimitNOFILE=65536

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

# 启动MinIO服务
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start minio
systemctl enable minio
systemctl status minio

# 配置防火墙
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=9000/tcp  # API端口
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=9001/tcp  # 控制台端口
firewall-cmd --reload
</code></pre>
<p>访问MinIO:
- API端口: http://server_ip:9000
- Web控制台: http://server_ip:9001
- 默认用户名: minioadmin
- 默认密码: minioadmin</p>
<h4 id="_16">分布式集群安装</h4>
<p>为了高可用性和性能，配置4节点MinIO集群:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>在每个节点上执行以上安装步骤</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>创建共享环境文件 <code>/etc/minio/minio.conf</code>:</p>
</li>
</ol>
<pre><code># MinIO集群配置
MINIO_ROOT_USER=minioadmin
MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD=minioadmin
MINIO_VOLUMES=&quot;http://minio1/data/minio http://minio2/data/minio http://minio3/data/minio http://minio4/data/minio&quot;
MINIO_OPTS=&quot;--console-address :9001&quot;
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>确保每个节点可以通过主机名互相解析:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 编辑/etc/hosts
cat &gt;&gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; EOF
192.168.1.101 minio1
192.168.1.102 minio2
192.168.1.103 minio3
192.168.1.104 minio4
EOF
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>启动所有节点上的MinIO服务</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="_17">配置与使用</h3>
<h4 id="_18">基本配置</h4>
<p>登录控制台后，可以进行以下配置:</p>
<ol>
<li>创建存储桶(Bucket):</li>
<li>点击左侧"Buckets"菜单</li>
<li>点击"Create Bucket"</li>
<li>
<p>输入桶名称并选择权限</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>管理用户和权限:</p>
</li>
<li>点击左侧"Identity" -&gt; "Users"</li>
<li>
<p>创建新用户并分配访问策略</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>配置通知服务:</p>
</li>
<li>点击左侧"Event Notifications"</li>
<li>可配置Webhook、AMQP、MQTT等通知服务</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="s3">使用S3客户端工具</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 安装AWS CLI
pip install awscli

# 配置凭证
aws configure --profile minio
# AWS Access Key ID: minioadmin
# AWS Secret Access Key: minioadmin
# Default region name: us-east-1
# Default output format: json

# 指定S3端点
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 ls

# 创建桶
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 mb s3://mybucket

# 上传文件
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 cp file.txt s3://mybucket/

# 下载文件
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 cp s3://mybucket/file.txt ./

# 列出桶内容
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 ls s3://mybucket/

# 删除文件
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 rm s3://mybucket/file.txt

# 同步目录
aws --profile minio --endpoint-url http://localhost:9000 s3 sync ./local-dir s3://mybucket/remote-dir
</code></pre>
<h4 id="miniomc">MinIO客户端(mc)</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 下载MinIO客户端
wget https://dl.min.io/client/mc/release/linux-amd64/mc
chmod +x mc
mv mc /usr/local/bin/

# 添加服务器配置
mc alias set myminio http://localhost:9000 minioadmin minioadmin

# 列出所有桶
mc ls myminio

# 创建桶
mc mb myminio/mybucket

# 上传文件
mc cp file.txt myminio/mybucket/

# 下载文件
mc cp myminio/mybucket/file.txt ./

# 列出桶内容
mc ls myminio/mybucket/

# 设置桶策略(公开访问)
mc policy set public myminio/mybucket

# 复制对象
mc cp myminio/bucket1/file.txt myminio/bucket2/

# 镜像同步(类似rsync)
mc mirror local-dir/ myminio/mybucket/

# 监视事件
mc watch myminio/mybucket/
</code></pre>
<h3 id="https">HTTPS配置</h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 生成自签名证书(测试环境)
mkdir -p /etc/minio/certs
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 \
    -keyout /etc/minio/certs/private.key \
    -out /etc/minio/certs/public.crt

# 调整权限
chown -R minio:minio /etc/minio/certs
chmod 600 /etc/minio/certs/private.key

# 修改MinIO配置
cat &gt; /etc/minio/minio.conf &lt;&lt; EOF
# MinIO配置
MINIO_ROOT_USER=minioadmin
MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD=minioadmin
MINIO_VOLUMES=&quot;/data/minio&quot;
MINIO_OPTS=&quot;--console-address :9001 --certs-dir /etc/minio/certs&quot;
EOF

# 重启MinIO服务
systemctl restart minio
</code></pre>
<h3 id="nginx">与Nginx集成</h3>
<pre><code class="language-nginx">server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name storage.example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/storage.example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/storage.example.com.key;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;

    # API端点
    location / {
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_connect_timeout 300;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Connection &quot;&quot;;
        chunked_transfer_encoding off;
        proxy_pass http://localhost:9000;
    }
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name console.storage.example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/storage.example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/storage.example.com.key;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;

    # 控制台端点
    location / {
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_connect_timeout 300;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection &quot;upgrade&quot;;
        proxy_pass http://localhost:9001;
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="glusterfs">GlusterFS 分布式文件系统</h2>
<h3 id="_19">服务端配置</h3>
<h4 id="glusterfs_1">安装GlusterFS服务</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统
yum install -y centos-release-gluster
yum install -y glusterfs-server

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
apt-get update
apt-get install -y software-properties-common
add-apt-repository ppa:gluster/glusterfs-7
apt-get update
apt-get install -y glusterfs-server
</code></pre>
<h4 id="glusterfs_2">配置GlusterFS存储</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 启动GlusterFS服务
systemctl start glusterd
systemctl enable glusterd
systemctl status glusterd

# 在所有节点上执行以下操作
# 准备存储设备
pvcreate /dev/sdb
vgcreate vg_gluster /dev/sdb
lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_gluster vg_gluster

# 格式化并挂载
mkfs.xfs -i size=512 /dev/vg_gluster/lv_gluster
mkdir -p /bricks/brick1
echo '/dev/vg_gluster/lv_gluster /bricks/brick1 xfs defaults 0 0' &gt;&gt; /etc/fstab
mount -a

# 创建GlusterFS目录
mkdir -p /bricks/brick1/gv0
</code></pre>
<h4 id="glusterfs_3">创建GlusterFS集群</h4>
<p>在第一个节点上执行:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 添加对等节点
gluster peer probe glusternode2
gluster peer probe glusternode3

# 检查对等状态
gluster peer status
</code></pre>
<h4 id="glusterfs_4">创建GlusterFS卷</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 创建复制卷(三副本)
gluster volume create gv0 replica 3 \
    glusternode1:/bricks/brick1/gv0 \
    glusternode2:/bricks/brick1/gv0 \
    glusternode3:/bricks/brick1/gv0

# 启动卷
gluster volume start gv0

# 检查卷状态
gluster volume info
</code></pre>
<h4 id="glusterfs_5">配置GlusterFS卷选项</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 启用配额
gluster volume quota gv0 enable

# 设置目录配额(例如限制为1TB)
gluster volume quota gv0 limit-usage / 1TB

# 启用性能缓存
gluster volume set gv0 performance.cache-size 256MB

# 启用读缓存
gluster volume set gv0 performance.read-ahead on

# 启用写缓存
gluster volume set gv0 performance.write-behind on

# 启用元数据缓存
gluster volume set gv0 performance.stat-prefetch on
</code></pre>
<h3 id="_20">客户端挂载</h3>
<h4 id="glusterfs_6">安装GlusterFS客户端</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># CentOS/RHEL系统
yum install -y glusterfs-client

# Debian/Ubuntu系统
apt-get install -y glusterfs-client
</code></pre>
<h4 id="glusterfs_7">挂载GlusterFS卷</h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># 创建挂载点
mkdir -p /mnt/glusterfs

# FUSE挂载
mount -t glusterfs glusternode1:/gv0 /mnt/glusterfs

# 或添加到/etc/fstab
echo 'glusternode1:/gv0 /mnt/glusterfs glusterfs defaults,_netdev 0 0' &gt;&gt; /etc/fstab
</code></pre>












                
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